What Is A Service Animal Under The Ada

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Service Animals and Emotional Support Animals

Where are they allowed and nether what atmospheric condition?

Jacquie Brennan
Vinh Nguyen (Ed.)
Southwest ADA Center
A program of ILRU at TIRR Memorial Hermann

Foreword

This manual is dedicated to the memory of Pax, a devoted guide canis familiaris, and to all the handler and dog teams working together beyond the nation. Guide dogs make it possible for their handlers to travel safely with independence, freedom and dignity.

Pax guided his handler faithfully for over 10 years. Together they negotiated countless busy intersections and safely traveled the streets of many cities, large and modest. His skillful guiding kept his handler from injury on more than one occasion. He accompanied his handler to business meetings, restaurants, theaters, and social functions where he conducted himself as would any highly-trained guide dog. Pax was a seasoned traveler and was the kickoff domestic dog to fly in the cabin of a domestic aircraft to Swell Britain, a country that had previously barred service animals without extended quarantine.

Pax was born in the kennels of The Seeing Heart in the beautiful Washington Valley of New Jersey in March 2000. He lived with a puppy-raiser family for almost a yr where he learned bones obedience and was exposed to the sights and sounds of customs life—the same experiences he would before long confront as a guide domestic dog. He then went through four months of intensive training where he learned how to guide and ensure the safety of the person with whom he would be matched. In November 2001 he was matched with his handler and they worked equally a squad until Pax'due south retirement in January 2012, after a long and successful career. Pax retired with his handler's family, where he lived with two other dogs. His life was full of play, long naps, and recreational walks until his death in January 2014.

It is the sincere promise of Pax'south handler that this guide will exist useful in improving the understanding near service animals, their purpose and role, their extensive training, and the rights of their handlers to travel freely and to feel the same access to employment, public accommodations, transportation, and services that others take for granted.

I. Introduction

Individuals with disabilities may use service animals and emotional back up animals for a diverseness of reasons. This guide provides an overview of how major Federal civil rights laws govern the rights of a person requiring a service fauna. These laws, too as instructions on how to file a complaint, are listed in the last section of this publication. Many states too take laws that provide a different definition of service animal. Y'all should check your state's law and follow the law that offers the about protection for service animals. The document discusses service animals in a number of different settings every bit the rules and allowances related to admission with service animals will vary co-ordinate to the police force applied and the setting.

Ii. Service Animal Divers past Championship II and Championship III of the ADA

A service brute means any canis familiaris that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the do good of an private with a inability, including a concrete, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability. Tasks performed can include, among other things, pulling a wheelchair, retrieving dropped items, alerting a person to a sound, reminding a person to take medication, or pressing an elevator button.

Emotional back up animals, comfort animals, and therapy dogs are non service animals under Title Ii and Title 3 of the ADA. Other species of animals, whether wild or domestic, trained or untrained, are non considered service animals either. The piece of work or tasks performed by a service animal must be straight related to the individual's disability. It does not matter if a person has a notation from a doctor that states that the person has a disability and needs to have the animal for emotional back up. A doctor'due south alphabetic character does non turn an fauna into a service brute.

Examples of animals that fit the ADA's definition of "service fauna" because they accept been specifically trained to perform a task for the person with a disability:

· Guide Dog or Seeing Eye® Dog^ane is a carefully trained dog that serves as a travel tool for persons who have severe visual impairments or are blind.

· Hearing or Signal Dog is a domestic dog that has been trained to alert a person who has a significant hearing loss or is deaf when a sound occurs, such as a knock on the door.

· Psychiatric Service Dog is a dog that has been trained to perform tasks that help individuals with disabilities to detect the onset of psychiatric episodes and lessen their effects. Tasks performed by psychiatric service animals may include reminding the handler to take medicine, providing rubber checks or room searches, or turning on lights for persons with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, interrupting cocky-mutilation by persons with dissociative identity disorders, and keeping disoriented individuals from danger.

· SSigDOG (sensory bespeak dogs or social bespeak dog) is a dog trained to assist a person with autism. The dog alerts the handler to distracting repetitive movements common amidst those with autism, allowing the person to stop the movement (eastward.one thousand., hand flapping).

· Seizure Response Dog is a canis familiaris trained to help a person with a seizure disorder. How the dog serves the person depends on the person's needs. The dog may stand guard over the person during a seizure or the dog may go for help. A few dogs have learned to predict a seizure and warn the person in advance to sit down or move to a safe place.

Nether Title Two and III of the ADA, service animals are limited to dogs. However, entities must brand reasonable modifications in policies to allow individuals with disabilities to use miniature horses if they have been individually trained to exercise work or perform tasks for individuals with disabilities.

Three. Other Support or Therapy Animals

While Emotional Support Animals or Comfort Animals are often used every bit part of a medical treatment plan every bit therapy animals, they are not considered service animals under the ADA. These support animals provide companionship, salve loneliness, and sometimes help with low, anxiety, and certain phobias, but do not accept special grooming to perform tasks that assist people with disabilities. Even though some states have laws defining therapy animals, these animals are not limited to working with people with disabilities and therefore are not covered by federal laws protecting the use of service animals. Therapy animals provide people with therapeutic contact, commonly in a clinical setting, to improve their physical, social, emotional, and/or cognitive operation.

IV. Handler's Responsibilities

The handler is responsible for the care and supervision of his or her service creature. If a service beast behaves in an unacceptable way and the person with a disability does not control the animal, a concern or other entity does non have to allow the animal onto its bounds. Uncontrolled barking, jumping on other people, or running away from the handler are examples of unacceptable beliefs for a service animal. A business has the right to deny access to a domestic dog that disrupts their business. For example, a service dog that barks repeatedly and disrupts some other patron's enjoyment of a movie could exist asked to go out the theater. Businesses, public programs, and transportation providers may exclude a service brute when the creature's behavior poses a direct threat to the wellness or safe of others. If a service animal is growling at other shoppers at a grocery shop, the handler may be asked to remove the animal.

· The ADA requires the animal to be under the control of the handler. This can occur using a harness, ternion, or other tether. However, in cases where either the handler is unable to concord a tether because of a disability or its employ would interfere with the service brute's prophylactic, effective performance of work or tasks, the service animal must exist under the handler's command past some other means, such as phonation command.ⁱⁱ

· The creature must be housebroken.³

· The ADA does non require covered entities to provide for the care or supervision of a service animal, including cleaning upward later the brute.

· The animal should be vaccinated in accordance with country and local laws.

· An entity may besides assess the type, size, and weight of a miniature horse in determining whether or non the horse will be allowed admission to the facility.

Five. Handler'due south Rights

a) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Titles Ii and 3 of the ADA makes it articulate that service animals are allowed in public facilities and accommodations. A service beast must exist allowed to accompany the handler to any place in the building or facility where members of the public, programme participants, customers, or clients are allowed. Even if the business or public program has a "no pets" policy, it may not deny entry to a person with a service creature. Service animals are not pets. Then, although a "no pets" policy is perfectly legal, it does not allow a business concern to exclude service animals.

When a person with a service animal enters a public facility or identify of public accommodation, the person cannot exist asked about the nature or extent of his inability. Simply two questions may exist asked:

1. Is the animal required because of a disability?

2. What piece of work or task has the animal been trained to perform?

These questions should not exist asked, even so, if the animal's service tasks are obvious. For example, the questions may non be asked if the dog is observed guiding an individual who is bullheaded or has low vision, pulling a person's wheelchair, or providing assistance with stability or residual to an individual with an observable mobility disability.^four

A public accommodation or facility is not allowed to enquire for documentation or proof that the animal has been certified, trained, or licensed every bit a service animal. Local laws that prohibit specific breeds of dogs do non use to service animals.⁵

A identify of public adaptation or public entity may not ask an individual with a disability to pay a surcharge, even if people accompanied by pets are required to pay fees. Entities cannot require anything of people with service animals that they do non require of individuals in general, with or without pets. If a public accommodation normally charges individuals for the damage they cause, an individual with a disability may be charged for impairment caused by his or her service beast.⁶

b) Employment

Laws prohibit employment bigotry considering of a disability. Employers are required to provide reasonable accommodation. Allowing an individual with a disability to have a service animal or an emotional back up animal accompany them to work may be considered an adaptation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which enforces the employment provisions of the ADA (Title I), does not have a specific regulation on service animals.^seven In the case of a service creature or an emotional support brute, if the inability is not obvious and/or the reason the brute is needed is not articulate, an employer may request documentation to constitute the existence of a disability and how the animal helps the private perform his or her job.

Documentation might include a detailed description of how the animal would assistance the employee in performing chore tasks and how the beast is trained to behave in the workplace. A person seeking such an accommodation may advise that the employer permit the animate being to back-trail them to work on a trial ground.

Both service and emotional support animals may be excluded from the workplace if they pose either an undue hardship or a direct threat in the workplace.

c) Housing

The Fair Housing Act (FHA) protects a person with a disability from discrimination in obtaining housing. Under this law, a landlord or homeowner'south association must provide reasonable adaptation to people with disabilities so that they have an equal opportunity to savor and use a dwelling.^viiiEmotional support animals that exercise not qualify equally service animals under the ADA may even so qualify every bit reasonable accommodations under the FHA.⁹ In cases when a person with a disability uses a service beast or an emotional support animal, a reasonable accommodation may include waiving a no-pet dominion or a pet eolith.¹⁰ This animal is not considered a pet.

A landlord or homeowner's association may not ask a housing applicant about the being, nature, and extent of his or her inability. However, an individual with a disability who requests a reasonable adaptation may exist asked to provide documentation so that the landlord or homeowner'southward association can properly review the accommodation asking.¹¹ They tin can enquire a person to certify, in writing, (1) that the tenant or a fellow member of his or her family is a person with a disability; (ii) the demand for the brute to assist the person with that specific disability; and (3) that the animal actually assists the person with a disability. Information technology is important to continue in mind that the ADA may apply in the housing context as well, for example with student housing. Where the ADA applies, requiring documentation or certification would non be permitted with regard to an fauna that qualifies as a "service creature."

d) Didactics

Service animals in public schools (Chiliad-12) ¹³ – The ADA permits a student with a disability who uses a service animal to accept the animal at school. In addition, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Human action (Idea) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Human activity let a educatee to use an beast that does not meet the ADA definition of a service animal if that educatee'southward Individual Pedagogy Plan (IEP) or Department 504 team decides the animal is necessary for the student to receive a free and appropriate education. Where the ADA applies, however, schools should be mindful that the use of a service animal is a right that is not dependent upon the decision of an IEP or Section 504 squad.¹⁴

Emotional support animals, therapy animals, and companion animals are seldom allowed to accompany students in public schools. Indeed, the ADA does non contemplate the employ of animals other than those meeting the definition of "service creature." Ultimately, the determination whether a student may employ an brute other than a service animal should exist made on a instance-by-case basis past the IEP or Section 504 team.

Service animals in postsecondary education settings – Under the ADA, colleges and universities must allow people with disabilities to bring their service animals into all areas of the facility that are open to the public or to students.

Colleges and universities may have a policy asking students who employ service animals to contact the schoolhouse's Disability Services Coordinator to register every bit a student with a disability. Higher educational activity institutions may not require any documentation about the training or certification of a service beast. They may, however, crave proof that a service animal has any vaccinations required by land or local laws that use to all animals.

e) Transportation

A person traveling with a service animal cannot be denied access to transportation, even if there is a "no pets" policy. In addition, the person with a service animal cannot be forced to sit down in a particular spot; no additional fees tin can be charged because the person uses a service animal; and the customer does not have to provide accelerate notice that due south/he will be traveling with a service animal.

The laws apply to both public and individual transportation providers and include subways, fixed-road buses, Paratransit, rail, light-rails, taxicabs, shuttles and limousine services.

f) Air Travel

At the end of 2020, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) announced that information technology revised its Air Carrier Access Act regulation on the transportation of service animals by air. We are working to update the data provided below to marshal with the changes. While we take the time to update our data, bank check out a summary of the changes bachelor on DOT'southward website. You can besides detect some additional information in DOT's Aviation Consumer Protection'south article nearly service animals.

The Air Carrier Admission Act (ACAA) requires airlines to allow service animals and emotional support animals to accompany their handlers in the cabin of the shipping.

Service animals – For evidence that an animal is a service animal, air carriers may enquire to see identification cards, written documentation, presence of harnesses or tags, or enquire for exact assurances from the individual with a disability using the beast. If airline personnel are uncertain that an animal is a service animal, they may ask one of the following:

ane. What tasks or functions does your animal perform for you?

2. What has your brute been trained to do for you?

3. Would you draw how the animal performs this task for you? ¹⁵

Emotional support and psychiatric service animals – Individuals who travel with emotional support animals or psychiatric service animals may need to provide specific documentation to establish that they take a disability and the reason the beast must travel with them. Individuals who wish to travel with their emotional back up or psychiatric animals should contact the airline alee of time to find out what kind of documentation is required.

Examples of documentation that may be requested by the airline: Current documentation (not more than than 1 year old) on letterhead from a licensed mental health professional stating (1) the passenger has a mental health-related disability listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM Four); (two) having the beast back-trail the passenger is necessary to the passenger's mental health or handling; (3) the individual providing the assessment of the passenger is a licensed mental health professional person and the passenger is under his or her professional care; and (four) the date and type of the mental wellness professional's license and the state or other jurisdiction in which it was issued.^xvi This documentation may be required as a status of permitting the animal to back-trail the passenger in the cabin.

Other animals – According to the ACAA, airlines are not required otherwise to carry animals of whatever kind either in the cabin or in the cargo hold. Airlines are free to prefer whatever policy they cull regarding the carriage of pets and other animals (for example, search and rescue dogs) provided that they comply with other applicative requirements (for example, the Brute Welfare Human action).

Animals such as miniature horses, pigs, and monkeys may be considered service animals. A carrier must decide on a case-past-case basis according to factors such equally the animal'south size and weight; land and foreign country restrictions; whether or not the animal would pose a direct threat to the wellness or safety of others; or cause a fundamental alteration in the cabin service.¹⁷ Individuals should contact the airlines ahead of travel to observe out what is permitted.

Airlines are not required to transport unusual animals such as snakes, other reptiles, ferrets, rodents, and spiders. Foreign carriers are not required to transport animals other than dogs.^xviii

VI. Reaction/Response of Others

Allergies and fear of dogs are not valid reasons for denying access or refusing service to people using service animals. If employees, fellow travelers, or customers are afraid of service animals, a solution may exist to allow enough space for that person to avert getting close to the service beast.

Near allergies to animals are acquired past direct contact with the animal. A separated space might be acceptable to avoid allergic reactions.

If a person is at risk of a significant allergic reaction to an animal, information technology is the responsibility of the concern or government entity to discover a way to suit both the individual using the service animal and the individual with the allergy.

Vii. Service Animals in Training

a) Air Travel

The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) does not allow "service animals in grooming" in the cabin of the aircraft because "in training" status indicates that they practise not yet come across the legal definition of service creature. However, like pet policies, airline policies regarding service animals in preparation vary. Some airlines permit qualified trainers to bring service animals in training aboard an aircraft for training purposes. Trainers of service animals should consult with airlines and become familiar with their policies.

b) Employment

In the employment setting, employers may be obligated to permit employees to bring their "service animal in preparation" into the workplace as a reasonable accommodation, particularly if the creature is being trained to assist the employee with work-related tasks. The untrained animal may be excluded, however, if information technology becomes a workplace disruption or causes an undue hardship in the workplace.

c) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Title Ii and III of the ADA does not cover "service animals in training" but several states have laws when they should be immune admission.

Viii. Laws & Enforcement

a) Public Facilities and Accommodations

Title Two of the ADA covers land and local government facilities, activities, and programs. Title III of the ADA covers places of public accommodations. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Human activity covers federal authorities facilities, activities, and programs. Information technology as well covers the entities that receive federal funding.

Championship Ii and Title 3 Complaints – These can be filed through individual lawsuits in federal court or directed to the U.S. Section of Justice.

U.S. Department of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, North.West.
Civil Rights Division
Disability Rights Section – NYA
Washington, DC 20530
http://world wide web.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (five)
800-514-0383 (TTY)

Section 504 Complaints – These must be made to the specific federal agency that oversees the program or funding.

b) Employment

Title I of the ADA and Section 501 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination in employment. The ADA covers private employers with 15 or more than employees; Section 501 applies to federal agencies, and Section 504 applies to whatever plan or entity receiving federal financial help.

ADA Complaints - A person must file a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) within 180 days of an alleged violation of the ADA. This deadline may be extended to 300 days if at that place is a country or local fair employment practices bureau that too has jurisdiction over this matter. Complaints may be filed in person, by mail service, or by telephone past contacting the nearest EEOC function. This number is listed in near telephone directories under "U.Due south. Government." For more data:

http://www.eeoc.gov/contact/index.cfm
800-669-4000 (vox)
800-669-6820 (TTY)

Section 501 Complaints - Federal employees must contact their agency'southward Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) officer within 45 days of an alleged Section 501 violation.

Section 504 Complaints – These must exist filed with the federal agency that funded the employer.

c) Housing

The Fair Housing Act (FHA), every bit amended in 1988, applies to housing. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of inability in all housing programs and activities that are either conducted by the federal authorities or receive federal financial assist. Championship 2 of the ADA applies to housing provided past land or local government entities.

Complaints – Housing complaints may be filed with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity.

http://www.hud.gov/fairhousing

800-669-9777 (vocalism)

800-927-9275 (TTY)

d) Didactics

Students with disabilities in public schools (K-12) are covered by Individuals with Disabilities Education Human action (Idea), Title II of the ADA, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Students with disabilities in public postsecondary pedagogy are covered by Title Two and Section 504. Championship 3 of the ADA applies to private schools (Thou-12 and post-secondary) that are not operated by religious entities. Private schools that receive federal funding are as well covered past Section 504.

IDEA Complaints - Parents tin can asking a due process hearing and a review from the country educational agency if applicable in that state. They also tin entreatment the land agency's conclusion to state or federal court. You may contact the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) for further data or to provide your own thoughts and ideas on how they may better serve individuals with disabilities, their families and their communities.

For more information contact:

Office of Special Educational activity and Rehabilitative Services

U.S. Section of Pedagogy

400 Maryland Artery, S.W.

Washington, DC 20202-7100

202-245-7468 (voice)

Title II of the ADA and Department 504 Complaints - The Role for Civil Rights (OCR) in the Section of Education enforces Title 2 of the ADA and Section 504 as they utilize to education. Those who accept had access denied due to a service creature may file a complaint with OCR or file a individual lawsuit in federal courtroom. An OCR complaint must be filed within 180 calendar days of the date of the alleged discrimination, unless the time for filing is extended for proficient cause. Earlier filing an OCR complaint against an establishment, an individual may want to detect out well-nigh the establishment's grievance process and use that process to have the complaint resolved. However, an private is not required by constabulary to utilize the institutional grievance process before filing a complaint with OCR. If someone uses an institutional grievance process and and then chooses to file the complaint with OCR, the complaint must be filed with OCR within sixty days after the last act of the institutional grievance process.

For more information contact:

U.S. Section of Didactics

Part for Ceremonious Rights

400 Maryland Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20202-1100

Client Service: 800-421-3481 (voice)

800-877-8339 (TTY)

E-mail: OCR@ed.gov

http://www2.ed.gov/almost/offices/list/ocr/docs/howto.html

Championship Three Complaints – These may be filed with the Department of Justice.

U.Southward. Department of Justice

950 Pennsylvania Artery, N.W.

Ceremonious Rights Division

Disability Rights Section – NYA

Washington, DC 20530

http://www.ada.gov/

800-514-0301 (v)

800-514-0383 (TTY)

e) Transportation

Title Ii of the ADA applies to public transportation while Title Iii of the ADA applies to transportation provided by individual entities. Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Human action applies to federal entities and recipients of federal funding that provide transportation.

Title 2 and Section 504 Complaints – These may be filed with the Federal Transit Assistants'southward Office of Ceremonious Rights. For more information, contact:

Director, FTA Office of Civil Rights

East Building – 5th Floor, TCR

1200 New Jersey Ave., S.East.

Washington, DC 20590
FTA ADA Assistance Line: 888-446-4511 (Phonation)
800-877-8339 (Federal Information Relay Service)
http://www.fta.dot.gov/civil_rights.html
http://www.fta.dot.gov/12874_3889.html (Complaint Form)

Title Iii Complaints – These may be filed with the Section of Justice.

U.S. Department of Justice

950 Pennsylvania Avenue, Due north.W.

Civil Rights Sectionalization

Disability Rights Section – NYA

Washington, DC 20530

http://www.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (v)

800-514-0383 (TTY)

Note: A person does non have to file a complaint with the corresponding federal agency earlier filing a lawsuit in federal court.

f) Air Transportation

The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) covers airlines. Its regulations clarify what animals are considered service animals and explicate how each blazon of beast should be treated.

ACAA complaints may exist submitted to the Department of Transportation'due south Aviation Consumer Protection Division. Air travelers who feel disability-related air travel service problems may call the hotline at 800-778-4838 (voice) or 800- 455-9880 (TTY) to obtain assistance. Air travelers who would like the Section of Transportation (DOT) to investigate a complaint most a disability issue must submit their complaint in writing or via e-mail to:

Aviation Consumer Protection Partitioning
Attn: C-75-D
U.S. Department of Transportation
1200 New Bailiwick of jersey Ave, Due south.East.
Washington, DC 20590

For boosted information and questions about your rights nether any of these laws, contact your regional ADA middle at 800-949-4232 (voice/TTY).

Acknowledgements

The contents of this booklet were developed by the Southwest ADA Center under a grant (#H133A110027) from the Section of Education'southward National Plant on Disability and Rehabilitation Enquiry (NIDRR). Nevertheless, those contents practice not necessarily correspond the policy of the Department of Instruction and you should non assume endorsement by the Federal Government.

Southwest ADA Center at ILRU
TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center
1333 Moursund St.
Houston, Texas 77030
713.520.0232 (vox/TTY)
800.949.4232 (phonation/TTY)
http://www.southwestada.org

The Southwest ADA Middle is a program of ILRU (Independent Living Inquiry Utilization) at TIRR Memorial Hermann. The Southwest ADA Heart is office of a national network of ten regional ADA Centers that provide upward-to-engagement information, referrals, resources, and grooming on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The centers serve a diversity of audiences, including businesses, employers, government entities, and individuals with disabilities. Call 1-800-949-4232 v/tty to attain the center that serves your region or visit http://www.adata.org.

This book is printed courtesy of the ADA National Network. The Southwest ADA Eye would like to give thanks Jacquie Brennan (author), Ramin Taheri, Richard Petty, Kathy Gips, Sally Weiss, Wendy Strobel Gower, Erin Marie Sember-Chase, Marian Vessels, and the ADA Cognition Translation Heart at the University of Washington for their contributions to this booklet.

Principal Investigator: Lex Frieden
Project Director: Vinh Nguyen
Publication staff: Maria DelBosque, Marisa Demaya, and George Powers

[1] http://www.seeingeye.org

[two] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(4); 28 C.F.,R. § 35.136(d).

[3] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(2); 28 C.F.,R. §35.136(b)(2).

[4] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(vi).

[5] See 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. A; Sak v. Aurelia, City of, C 11-4111-MWB (Northward.D. Iowa Dec. 28, 2011)

[6] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(8).

[vii] 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630 App. The EEOC, in the Interpretive Guidance accompanying the regulations, stated that guide dogs may be an accommodation..."For case, information technology would be a reasonable accommodation for an employer to permit an individual who is blind to employ a guide canis familiaris at work, even though the employer would not be required to provide a guide dog for the employee."

[8] 42 United states of americaC. § 3604(f)(iii)(B).

[9] Off-white Housing of the Dakotas, Inc. five. Goldmark Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 3:09-cv-58 (D.N.D. Mar. xxx, 2011): "… the FHA encompasses all types of assistance animals regardless of training, including those that ameliorate a physical disability and those that meliorate a mental disability."

[10] Run across Bronk v. Ineichen, 54 F.3d 425, 428-429 (7th Cir. 1995); HUD v. Purkett, FH-FL 19372 (HUDALJ July 31, 1990) Green v. Housing Authority of Clackamas County, 994 F.Supp. 1253 (D. Ore. 1998).

[11] Hawn five. Shoreline Towers Phase 1 Condominium Association, Inc., 347 Fed. Appx. 464 (11th Cir. 2009).

[12] Encounter "Pet Ownership for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities", 73 Federal Annals 208 (27 October 2008), pp. 63834-63838; United States. (2004). Reasonable Accommodations under the Off-white Housing Act: Joint Statement of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and Department of Justice. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Justice [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 03/06/2014 from http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/hce/jointstatement_ra.php.

[13] Private schools that are not operated past religious entities are considered public accommodations. Please refer to Department V(a).

[fourteen] Sullivan v. Vallejo City Unified Sch. Dist., 731 F. Supp. 947 (E.D. Cal. 1990).

[15] "Guidance Concerning Service Animals in Air Transportation", 68 Federal Register 90 (9 May 2003), p. 24875.

[16] 14 C.F.R. § 382.117(east).

[17] fourteen C.F.R. § 382.117(f).

[18] Id.